QED
Trigonometry · step 7 of 13

Solving trigonometric equations

Because trig functions are periodic, an equation has infinitely many solutions and the question always restricts to an interval. The inverse function gives just ONE solution — the principal value — and you must generate the rest using the symmetry of the graph and the period. Finding only the calculator answer is the classic way to lose most of the marks.

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Method: how to approach it

The order below is what examiners expect to see, and each step carries its own marks.

  1. Isolate the trig functionGet to sin x = k, cos x = k or tan x = k before doing anything else.
  2. Find the principal valueUse arcsin, arccos or arctan for one solution.
  3. Generate the second solution in the cycleFor sine, the partner is 180° − x; for cosine, 360° − x (i.e. −x); tangent repeats every 180° so it has one per period.
  4. Add multiples of the period and filterAdd 360° (or the adjusted period for sin(bx)) repeatedly, keeping every solution inside the stated interval.

Worked example

Solve 2 sin x = 1 for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°.

  1. Isolate: sin x = 1/2.
  2. Principal value: x = arcsin(1/2) = 30°.
  3. Sine is also positive in the second quadrant: x = 180° − 30° = 150°.
  4. Adding 360° would exceed the interval.

Answer. x = 30° or x = 150°.

Where marks get dropped

These are the specific errors that cost credit on solving trigonometric equations questions — QED's rubric penalises each of them separately.

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Solving trigonometric equations — frequently asked questions

How many solutions should I expect?

Roughly two per period for sine and cosine, one per period for tangent. For sin(bx) over a full turn, expect about 2b solutions.

How do I handle sin 2x = 1/2 on 0 ≤ x ≤ 360°?

Let u = 2x, solve over 0 ≤ u ≤ 720°, getting u = 30, 150, 390, 510, then halve each: x = 15°, 75°, 195°, 255°.

What if the equation is quadratic in sin x?

Substitute s = sin x, solve the quadratic, then solve each resulting sin x = value separately — discarding any root outside [−1, 1].

The rest of Trigonometry

Triangles, the unit circle, identities and periodic functions. Each subtopic below has its own method, worked example and mark-losing traps.

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